diff --git a/lib/uk_planning_scraper.rb b/lib/uk_planning_scraper.rb
index bdd2b57..ece96e1 100644
--- a/lib/uk_planning_scraper.rb
+++ b/lib/uk_planning_scraper.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 require "uk_planning_scraper/version"
 require "uk_planning_scraper/authority"
+require "uk_planning_scraper/application"
 require 'uk_planning_scraper/idox'
 require 'uk_planning_scraper/northgate'
 require 'logger'
diff --git a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/application.rb b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/application.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c17550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/application.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+module UKPlanningScraper
+  class Application
+    attr_accessor :authority_name
+    attr_accessor :council_reference
+    attr_accessor :date_received
+    attr_accessor :date_validated
+    attr_accessor :status
+    attr_accessor :scraped_at
+    attr_accessor :info_url
+    attr_accessor :address
+    attr_accessor :description
+    attr_accessor :documents_count
+    attr_accessor :documents_url
+    attr_accessor :alternative_reference
+    attr_accessor :decision
+    attr_accessor :date_decision
+    attr_accessor :appeal_status
+    attr_accessor :appeal_decision
+
+    def to_hash
+      {
+        scraped_at: @scraped_at,
+        authority_name: @authority_name,
+        council_reference: @council_reference,
+        date_received: @date_received,
+        date_validated: @date_validated,
+        status: @status,
+        decision: @decision,
+        date_decision: @date_decision,
+        info_url: @info_url,
+        address: @address,
+        description: @description,
+        documents_count: @documents_count,
+        documents_url: @documents_url,
+        alternative_reference: @alternative_reference,
+        appeal_status: @appeal_status,
+        appeal_decision: @appeal_decision
+      }
+    end
+    
+    def valid?
+      return true if @authority_name && @council_reference && @info_url
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/authority.rb b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/authority.rb
index f99e311..2f4e5f8 100644
--- a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/authority.rb
+++ b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/authority.rb
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
       @name = name
       @url = url
       @tags = tags
+      @applications = [] # Application objects
     end
 
     def scrape(params, options = {})
@@ -41,19 +42,23 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
       # Select which scraper to use
       case system
       when 'idox'
-        apps = scrape_idox(params, options)
+        @applications = scrape_idox(params, options)
       when 'northgate'
-        apps = scrape_northgate(params, options)
+        @applications = scrape_northgate(params, options)
       else
         raise SystemNotSupported.new("Planning system not supported for #{@name} at URL: #{@url}")
       end
       
       # Post processing
-      apps.each do |app|
-        app[:authority_name] = @name
+      @applications.each do |app|
+        app.authority_name = @name
       end
-      
-      apps # Single point of successful exit
+
+      # Output as an array of hashes
+      output = []
+      # FIXME - silently ignores invalid apps. How should we handle them?
+      @applications.each { |app| output << app.to_hash if app.valid? }
+      output  # Single point of successful exit
     end
     
     def tagged?(tag)
diff --git a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/idox.rb b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/idox.rb
index 191fee1..20cd434 100644
--- a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/idox.rb
+++ b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/idox.rb
@@ -30,14 +30,16 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
         date(applicationReceivedEnd)
       }.each { |f| form.add_field!(f) unless form.has_field?(f) }
 
-      form.send(:"date(applicationReceivedStart)", params[:received_from].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:received_from]
-      form.send(:"date(applicationReceivedEnd)", params[:received_to].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:received_to]
+      date_format = "%d/%m/%Y"
+      
+      form.send(:"date(applicationReceivedStart)", params[:received_from].strftime(date_format)) if params[:received_from]
+      form.send(:"date(applicationReceivedEnd)", params[:received_to].strftime(date_format)) if params[:received_to]
 
-      form.send(:"date(applicationValidatedStart)", params[:validated_from].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:validated_from]
-      form.send(:"date(applicationValidatedEnd)", params[:validated_to].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:validated_to]
+      form.send(:"date(applicationValidatedStart)", params[:validated_from].strftime(date_format)) if params[:validated_from]
+      form.send(:"date(applicationValidatedEnd)", params[:validated_to].strftime(date_format)) if params[:validated_to]
 
-      form.send(:"date(applicationDecisionStart)", params[:decided_from].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:decided_from]
-      form.send(:"date(applicationDecisionEnd)", params[:decided_to].strftime("%d/%m/%Y")) if params[:decided_to]
+      form.send(:"date(applicationDecisionStart)", params[:decided_from].strftime(date_format)) if params[:decided_from]
+      form.send(:"date(applicationDecisionEnd)", params[:decided_to].strftime(date_format)) if params[:decided_to]
 
       form.send(:"searchCriteria\.description", params[:keywords])
       
@@ -48,8 +50,7 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
       
       # Only some Idox sites (eg Bolton) have a 'searchCriteria.developmentType' parameter
       form.send(:"searchCriteria\.developmentType", params[:development_type]) if form.has_field? 'searchCriteria.developmentType'
-      
-      
+
       page = form.submit
 
       if page.search('.errors').inner_text.match(/Too many results found/i)
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
         puts "Found #{items.size} apps on this page."
 
         items.each do |app|
-          data = {}
+          data = Application.new
 
           # Parse info line
           info_line = app.at("p.metaInfo").inner_text.strip
@@ -71,32 +72,30 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
           
           bits.each do |bit|
             if matches = bit.match(/Ref\. No:\s+(.+)/)
-              data[:council_reference] = matches[1]
+              data.council_reference = matches[1]
             end
 
             if matches = bit.match(/(Received|Registered):\s+.*(\d{2}\s\w{3}\s\d{2}\d{2}?)/)
-              data[:date_received] = Date.parse(matches[2])
+              data.date_received = Date.parse(matches[2])
             end
             
             if matches = bit.match(/Validated:\s+.*(\d{2}\s\w{3}\s\d{2}\d{2}?)/)
-              data[:date_validated] = Date.parse(matches[1])
+              data.date_validated = Date.parse(matches[1])
             end
 
             if matches = bit.match(/Status:\s+(.+)/)
-              data[:status] = matches[1]
+              data.status = matches[1]
             end
           end
 
-          data.merge!({
-            scraped_at: Time.now,
-            info_url: base_url + app.at('a')['href'],
-            address: app.at('p.address').inner_text.strip,
-            description: app.at('a').inner_text.strip,
-          })
+          data.scraped_at = Time.now
+          data.info_url = base_url + app.at('a')['href']
+          data.address = app.at('p.address').inner_text.strip
+          data.description = app.at('a').inner_text.strip
           
           apps << data
         end
-
+        
         # Get the Next button from the pager, if there is one
         if next_button = page.at('a.next')
           next_url = base_url + next_button[:href]# + '&searchCriteria.resultsPerPage=100'
@@ -111,28 +110,27 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
       # Scrape the summary tab for each app
       apps.each_with_index do |app, i|
         sleep options[:delay]
-        puts "#{i + 1} of #{apps.size}: #{app[:info_url]}"
-        res = agent.get(app[:info_url])
+        puts "#{i + 1} of #{apps.size}: #{app.info_url}"
+        res = agent.get(app.info_url)
         
         if res.code == '200' # That's a String not an Integer, ffs
           # Parse the summary tab for this app
 
-          app[:scraped_at] = Time.now
+          app.scraped_at = Time.now
 
           # The Documents tab doesn't show if there are no documents (we get li.nodocuments instead)
           # Bradford has #tab_documents but without the document count on it
-          app[:documents_count] = 0
-          app[:documents_url] = nil
+          app.documents_count = 0
 
           if documents_link = res.at('.associateddocument a')
             if documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)
-              app[:documents_count] = documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)[0].to_i
-              app[:documents_url] = base_url + documents_link[:href]
+              app.documents_count = documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)[0].to_i
+              app.documents_url = base_url + documents_link[:href]
             end
           elsif documents_link = res.at('#tab_documents')
             if documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)
-              app[:documents_count] = documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)[0].to_i
-              app[:documents_url] = base_url + documents_link[:href]
+              app.documents_count = documents_link.inner_text.match(/\d+/)[0].to_i
+              app.documents_url = base_url + documents_link[:href]
             end
           end
           
@@ -145,31 +143,31 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
             
             case key
               when 'Reference'
-                app[:council_reference] = value
+                app.council_reference = value
               when 'Alternative Reference'
-                app[:alternative_reference] = value
+                app.alternative_reference = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Planning Portal Reference'
-                app[:alternative_reference] = value
+                app.alternative_reference = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Application Received'
-                app[:date_received] = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
+                app.date_received = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
               when 'Application Registered'
-                app[:date_received] = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
+                app.date_received = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
               when 'Application Validated'
-                app[:date_validated] = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
+                app.date_validated = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
               when 'Address'
-                app[:address] = value
+                app.address = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Proposal'
-                app[:description] = value
+                app.description = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Status'
-                app[:status] = value
+                app.status = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Decision'
-                app[:decision] = value
+                app.decision = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Decision Issued Date'
-                app[:date_decision] = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
+                app.date_decision = Date.parse(value) if value.match(/\d/)
               when 'Appeal Status'
-                app[:appeal_status] = value
+                app.appeal_status = value unless value.empty?
               when 'Appeal Decision'
-                app[:appeal_decision] = value
+                app.appeal_decision = value unless value.empty?
               else
                 puts "Error: key '#{key}' not found"
             end # case
diff --git a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/northgate.rb b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/northgate.rb
index 56692a5..9735fb7 100644
--- a/lib/uk_planning_scraper/northgate.rb
+++ b/lib/uk_planning_scraper/northgate.rb
@@ -50,9 +50,6 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
         form_vars['dateEnd'] = params[:decided_to].to_s if params[:decided_to] # YYYY-MM-DD
       end
 
-
-      # form_vars.merge!({ 'cboStatusCode' => ENV['MORPH_STATUS']}) if ENV['MORPH_STATUS']
-
       logger.info "Form variables: #{form_vars.to_s}"
 
       headers = {
@@ -110,29 +107,19 @@ module UKPlanningScraper
       rows.each do |row|
         if row.at("td") # skip header row which only has th's
           cells = row.search("td")
-          ref = cells[0].inner_text.strip
-
-          app = {
-            scraped_at: Time.now,
-            # date_scraped: Date.today # FIXME - Planning Alerts compatibility?
-          }
-
-          app[:council_reference] = ref
-          app[:info_url] = URI::encode(generic_url + cells[0].at('a')[:href].strip)
-          app[:info_url].gsub!(/%0./, '') # FIXME. Strip junk chars from URL - how can we prevent this?
-          app[:address] = cells[1].inner_text.strip
-          app[:description] = cells[2].inner_text.strip
-          app[:status] = cells[3].inner_text.strip
-          
+
+          app = Application.new
+          app.scraped_at = Time.now
+          app.council_reference = cells[0].inner_text.strip
+          app.info_url = URI::encode(generic_url + cells[0].at('a')[:href].strip)
+          app.info_url.gsub!(/%0./, '') # FIXME. Strip junk chars from URL - how can we prevent this?
+          app.address = cells[1].inner_text.strip
+          app.description = cells[2].inner_text.strip
+          app.status = cells[3].inner_text.strip
           raw_date_received = cells[4].inner_text.strip
-          
-          if raw_date_received != '--'
-            app[:date_received] = Date.parse(raw_date_received)
-          else
-            app[:date_received] = nil
-          end
-          
-          app[:decision] = cells[5].inner_text.strip if cells[5] # Some councils don't have this column, eg Hackney
+          app.date_received = Date.parse(raw_date_received) if raw_date_received != '--'
+          app.decision = cells[5].inner_text.strip if cells[5] # Some councils don't have this column, eg Hackney
+
           apps << app
         end
       end